Hydroponic cultivation is an innovative method for cultivating plants that does not rely on traditional soil. The present research aimed to enhance water use efficiency using different hydroponic ...

Artificial light-type plant factories are an emerging agricultural innovation that enable crops to be grown year-round in precisely controlled environments. By adjusting factors such as light, ...

The interdependence of Water, Energy, Food, and Environment (WEFE) resources has become a central focus in addressing global sustainability challenges. These sectors are intricately linked, where ...