Scientists have created an AI system capable of generating artificial enzymes from scratch. In laboratory tests, some of these enzymes worked as well as those found in nature, even when their ...

Clues to the genetic code’s origin may be hidden in tiny protein fragments, revealing a synchronized and highly structured ...

An amino acid that shows up preferentially in ancient sequences was likely incorporated early on. Conversely, LUCA's sequences are depleted for amino acids that were recruited later but became ...

Factoring out nucleotide-level mutation biases from antibody language models dramatically improves prediction of functional mutation effects while reducing computational cost by orders of magnitude.

All biological amino acids on Earth appear exclusively in their left-handed form, but the reason underlying this observation is elusive. Recently, scientists uncovered new clues about the cosmic ...

Frederick Sanger presented the first complete amino acid sequence of a protein (insulin) after 12 years of painstaking biochemistry involving partial hydrolysis and proteolytic cleavage. Needless to ...

AI language models, used to generate human-like text to power chatbots and create content, are also revolutionizing biology ...

Although the myriad proteins found in all life are largely built from a set of 20 amino acids, many other amino acids exist in nature, and it remains a curiosity as to why some were ultimately ...